The political uncertainty caused by the instability of management and the political hypothesis leads to a market failure. In high-risk information environments where accounting information is less predictable, political uncertainty exacerbates market behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate the political uncertainty caused by the volatility of management and size of the company under the influence of the capital market information environment against the rules of voluntary accruals and the capital cost of ordinary shares of companies. For this purpose, the data of 100 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1387-1396 were examined and tested using combined data. The results show that the political uncertainty caused by management instability under the influence of the capital market information environment is negatively and significantly correlated with the cost of ordinary equity capital. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between the political uncertainty associated with the size of the company affected by the capital market information environment and the cost of ordinary equity capital.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

The stock market has played an undeniable role in economic growth and is a complement to the banking sector in allocating financial resources to manufacturing firms. Hence, the role and importance of the stock market in the economy have always been emphasized. There are several factors that affect stock market returns, one of which is the Rule of the law and the Regulatory Quality of countries. Therefore, in this study, the importance of the Rule of the law and the Regulatory Quality on stock returns has been studied in Iran and selected emerging countries in the period 2000-2021 by the system generalized method of moments. The results of this estimate show that at a significance level of 5%, the rule of law and Regulatory Quality have a positive and significant effect on stock returns. Also, the effects of inflation, exchange rate, and growth of industrial production have been positive and significant. The effect of crude oil prices is negative and significant, and trade openness has a positive effect on stock market returns, but this effect is not statistically significant at the significant level of 5%.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the rule of market structure in foreign trade. To accomplish this, total trade flows calculations were made for the 3-digit ISIC manufacturing industries of Iran. The factors determining market structure have been estimated and their effects on foreign trade have been analyzed, using cross sectional data. The results are consistent with monopolistic competition models of international trade. The extent of intra-industry trade is greater for industries with many establishments, low concentration ratios, producing differentiated goods, and low degree of economies of scale. In short, the results of the present paper indicate the significance rule of maket structure factors in determining intra-industry trade.

As a result of rule of law ideal, judges are required to act in accordance with laws. The ideal is justified by some political values: political liberty, legal liberty, personal liberty and equality. Citizens are subject only to the law not to the arbitrary will or judgment of another who wields coercive government power. But in some cases law is indeterminate. In these cases there is an important question: how can the law command when the law books are silent or unclear or ambiguous? There are three theory in jurisprudence: legal positivism, legal pragmatism and legal interpretivism. I reject positivism and pragmatism and urge interpretivism. I believe that it provides a better account of our law.

Souq al-Muslimeen, which is the ruling on the purity of meat, skin, and other animal parts that have been procured from the Muslim market, is one of the rules of Muslim jurisprudence, so that if such a rule was not based on the opinion of Islamic jurists and practiced by the people, there would practically be no market left. And no one could prepare and consume their daily needs with peace of mind. If there are no Islamic jurisprudential orders regarding food safety, many problems may arise and people's food safety may be in danger, but with the goal of applying Islamic teachings is to provide people with food security and to prevent many health and food problems. However, the purpose of expressing what has been examined in this article is the jurisprudential and legal study of the application of this rule in today's societies, despite the non-compliance of some people and the effects of this on food security. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine this issue by referring to the relevant jurisprudential books and laws of the Islamic country of Iran. Given the fact that it has been observed in practice that some producers and suppliers have not adhered much to Sharia issues and have offered ready, processed and packaged meat and dairy products, the results obtained from the current research help to determine the duty of a Muslim person in today's markets,whether to consume these products by relying on the mentioned rule or more examinations and discussions are necessary? In case of consumption of non-slaughtered products in the Islamic way, is the food security of the society affected or not? And other results that have been achieved.

In the current era, the study of the relationship between different markets and their impact on each other has become a necessity micro and macro investors. By investigating the relationship between markets, in addition to being able to obtain the required information about the impact of the markets, it can also help him in identifying various risks. According to the importance of the subject, in this paper, we have tried to investigate the relationship between the oil market and the gold, dollar markets, companies and energy funds in the field of energy, using the new associative rules approach and the Apriori algorithm. The use of associative rules explicitly explains the relationships between database fields and the relationships and interrelationships between a large set of data items. The results of this study indicate a direct relationship between the oil market and companies active in the energy sector, and the reverse relationship with the dollar index. There was also no significant relationship between the oil and gold market.

Encourage people to investment in small-scale electricity generation and expansion of dispersed generation (DG) may have several advantages such as, reducing the needs for investment in power plants and transmission network developments, improving the competitiveness of electricity market and moderating the costs of electrical energy procurement. In this paper, an encouraging market rule in a pay-as-bid system is proposed to accelerate the appropriate investments in DG units. The proposed rule is viewed and analyzed from the perspective of DG investor and Independent System Operator (ISO) using a novel DG placement and sizing algorithm based on Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed algorithm is implemented on IEEE 30-bus test system under the encouraging rule and the simulation results are presented and discussed.